Back
2021 Yearbook
ISBN
978-84-7476-919-7
Editorial
Sociological Research Center
Fecha de la edición
November 2023
Colección
Out of Collection
Dimensiones
21cm x 30cm
N° Pág
316
The main function of the Sociological Research Center (CIS) is the study of the attitudes and behaviors of Spanish society, as well as the measurement of its stability and change over time. This yearbook is part of a series started in 2012 that summarizes the results of the monthly opinion barometers carried out through the application of telephone surveys in 2021. It presents questions of special relevance, most of them which are repeated monthly in order to keep track of
the series on the economic situation, or on the effects and behaviors related to the coronavirus, while other questions respond to current events and are presented in their own miscellany chapter. This is intended to convey to the public, in a more visual and accessible way, a selection of the data generated annually by this institution. This volume consists of a first section dedicated to a detailed description of the methodology used throughout this document, eight thematic chapters and three annexes: the first, with the technical sheets of the barometers used for this yearbook; the second, with the frequency distribution, for each barometer, of the explanatory or classification variables, and the third, with the description of the content of each table. During 2021, the CIS has continued with the way of administering the barometers started the previous year, by telephone interview, with the coronavirus being the preferred topic. This year we show again chapters 1 and 2 on the economic situation and assessment of leaders, while chapters 3 to 6 are a compilation of the main results related to the pandemic, in some of its most important aspects: the concern that the virus has caused, the effects that are most worrying, the influence on people's personal and social lives, the health aspects and the predisposition to the vaccine, the assessment of the official measures and those that were adopted personally, and to conclude this series of chapters, preferences in the fight against the pandemic. Chapter 7 compiles specific questions for each barometer, included according to current events at any given time. Chapter 8 collects the results of selected questions from the Fiscal Policy Opinion Barometer, which the CIS has been carrying out annually in the month of July.
The tables presented allow us to understand what type of people interviewed are more likely to hold each of the opinions collected in the surveys, according to a selection of characteristics. These include sociodemographic characteristics, such as sex, age, studies completed, employment status, marital status or the size of the municipality, but also other characteristics, such as ideology, voting memory and religious definition. . In this way, in addition to presenting in a general way the opinion or, where appropriate, the behavior of the people interviewed, this yearbook offers the possibility of detailing the opinions and behaviors for specific groups. The databases of the barometers used to create this yearbook, as well as all the surveys, series and questions carried out by the CIS, are available on its website (www.cis.es) to be consulted or downloaded for free.
Madrid, October 30, 2023
The 2021 yearbook incorporates a selection of the most relevant data from the CIS barometers throughout that year. The thematic chapters include a compilation of questions from each monthly barometer. For the selection of the questions, a balance has been sought between the relevance of each indicator and the number of questions, and, therefore, of tables generated. Sometimes, the choice of some battery questions has required the dedication of more space, giving rise to tables that are a continuation of the first, if they contain the same crossover variables.
All the barometers included in this volume have been produced by the CIS, and in the same way as the previous year, the predominant theme has been the health and social crisis caused by the coronavirus disease COVID-19. The presentation of the data referred to each question attempts to maintain a similar structure within each chapter. In this yearbook, the usual structure of marginal frequencies of previous yearbooks has been replaced in most chapters by the time series, annual most of the time, although in some cases, only the months in which the the question has been asked. For each table with the time series, a specific graph is included on an axis from 0 to 100%.
Below, cross tables of variables are provided with the most common sociodemographic and political indicators offered by the CIS to its users: sex, age, marital status, education, employment situation, habitat, ideology, voting memory and religious definition . Some of the variables have been recoded, or transformed, with the aim of facilitating the reading and interpretation of the data that, in general terms, are calculated for each category of the aforementioned indicators. The cross table format that predominates in this edition is not the usual one of previous yearbooks, since the purpose of the 2021 barometers has been, as a priority, to preserve and extend the series on the coronavirus started the previous year, and To this end, most of the questions have been reproduced in the barometer below. Thus, it has been decided, in this yearbook, to present the results in a summary table, which shows the percentages corresponding to the months of January, April, July and October, in order to compare some aspects at different times. of the year.
This is intended to facilitate the comparison, and with this intention also, certain response options have been selected. To complete the information, in each of the categories of the explanatory variables, next to the row percentage, the number of people who respond (n) is indicated. If the user of the yearbook wishes to expand the information with other barometers, the series, marginal frequencies and crossings for each of the questions, and all the barometers carried out during the year, are available on the website of the yearbook. CIS, as already indicated in the presentation of this book.
The sex and age variables maintain the same categories that the CIS provides for the different studies through its website. However, marital status, education, employment situation, habitat, ideology, voting memory and religion have been recoded differently to present a more synthetic table of results.
Age incorporates the following intervals: "Up to 24 years", "From 25 to 34", "From 35 to 44", "From 45 to 54", "From 55 to 64" and "65 years or older". In the ideology variable, the intermediate values "5" and "6" have been kept without grouping, and the rest of the values have been grouped: on the left the values "1-2", "3-4", and on the right the values "7-8" and "9-10". The habitat size categories have been identified as follows: municipalities with less than 10,000 inhabitants as “Town or small city”, from 10,001 to 100,000 inhabitants as “Medium city”, from 100,001 to 1,000,000 inhabitants as “City”. large", and more than 1,000,000 inhabitants as a "Large urban center".
To create the education variable, a combination of questions has been used: the question that collects whether the person interviewed has attended school or not is combined, and the question that measures the level of the highest level of studies obtained. have completed, to generate the following categories: "Primary or less", "initial vocational training and secondary education", "intermediate vocational training", "high school", "higher-level vocational training", and "university". The religion variable is represented by the question on religious definition (which contains the response categories “practicing Catholic”, “non-practicing Catholic”, “believer of another religion”, “agnostic”, “indifferent, not believer” and “atheist”), where the last two options have been grouped.
With regard to vote recall, the question that records electoral participation in the last elections and the question that collects vote recall are combined, and for each month, the parties and political groups presented in the vote are taken into account. the previous electoral call. In this sense, the reference is the parties presented in the general elections of November 2019. The variable generated identifies the parties with the most votes, and the rest are grouped in the "Other parties" category. Next to the parties appear the categories "He was not old", "Blank", "He could not vote" (which brings together the answers: "he went to vote, but he could not do it" and "he did not go to vote because he could not") , «Preferred not to vote/Vote invalid» (where “preferred not to vote” and “null vote” have been grouped together, the latter option included in the question “Could you tell me which party or coalition you voted for?”), «He did not have the right vote", "Does not remember", and "NC".
The response categories "Does not know (NS)" and "Does not answer (NC)" of the explanatory variables - crossover - are only presented in the tables in those cases in which this figure has its own meaning and is statistically significant. Thus, "NS" and "NC" have been maintained when presenting political ideology; "Does not remember" and "NC" in voting recall; and "NC" in the religion variable, but in the other cases (sex, age, marital status, education and employment situation) they are not included due to their residual nature (ANNEX II contains the distribution of the variables and the number of cases of each barometer).
On the other hand, it has been specified, if it was included in the design of the questionnaire, whether it was a "spontaneous response" provided by the person interviewed when the question was asked and, on other occasions, whether it was some category that the interviewer was instructed not to offer as a default response option, in which case "DO NOT READ" appears next to said category. The fact that some of the categories of the different indicators are not very present among the responses of the people interviewed, together with the fact that the total sample is distributed among the groups generated from the stratification of the crossover variables, forces us to call attention to the limitations it imposes on the interpretation of percentages. For this reason, the number of people (n) who respond by category or as a whole to said question is indicated in parentheses, which in some options may contain the value (0). In this sense, it is worth mentioning that the tables presented come entirely from calculations carried out with the SPSS statistical program, with weighted data, and that the discrepancies between the (n) total and the sum of the (n) partials of the variables crossing, are due to adjustments in the percentages to a decimal. The information provided in the variable cross tables, regarding the selected questions, is sometimes partial, in order to facilitate the reading of the results. Thus, for example, the response options "A lot" and "Quite a bit" have sometimes been grouped into the option "A lot + Quite a bit," discarding the rest of the response options ("Little" and "Nothing"), as in the questions about trust in the President of the Government, and in the leader of the opposition. However, in the chapters on the impact of the pandemic on personal and social life, information on the cross-sections of variables without grouping is provided (the options as applied in the interview: "It is affecting me a lot", "It is affecting me a lot", "It is affecting me somewhat", "It is not affecting me at all or almost nothing").
In other cases, response categories have been grouped when the result has been considered relevant, or in order to summarize and facilitate comparison, as in the case of the question about the need or not for more control and isolation measures.
In the tables related to the use of health services, the answers to the "Yes" option are shown and the "No" option is discarded, when it comes to obtaining the characteristics of those who contacted the health services, were tested , and they were diagnosed. However, in the chapter on vaccination, all the options of the question are included in the cross tables, for some representative months, since changes were made to the question, and filters were applied to incorporate those who had already been vaccinated. All options are also included, such as the question on personal measures taken against coronavirus, if the categories cannot be presented partially. Generally, if they are battery questions, the aim is to present the most significant result of this type of question, which is why sometimes a single piece of information is incorporated. This is the case of the chapter titled "Public opinion and fiscal policy", in which only the category "Very few" is shown in the question related to "Resources allocated to different public services". In addition, some tables show results of two or three questions from the same questionnaire with complementary or similar content, aggregated into a single table, as has been done, for example, in the chapter dedicated to health aspects of the coronavirus crisis. Throughout the document, so-called multiple response questions appear that represent, in aggregate, several responses from each of the people interviewed to the same list of options or values. These questions have the characteristic that the (n) represents, unlike the rest of the questions, the totality of answers instead of the totality of people who have responded. The interviewer marks all the answers mentioned by the person interviewed, so the sum of the column percentages is greater than 100.
In the annexes to this yearbook you can find the technical sheets corresponding to each of the barometers that make it up, the frequency distribution and the number of cases of the explanatory variables. Another annex is also included in this yearbook, with the
description and numbering of the tables prepared for each chapter.
- Degree of concern about the coronavirus crisis
- Annual series and graphic representation (January to December)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment situation and habitat (January, April, July, October) (Much + Quite a lot)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment situation and habitat (January, April, July, October) (Little + Nothing)
- Crosses by ideology, memory of vote and religion (January, April, July, October) (Much + Quite a lot)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (January, April, July, October) (Little + Nothing)
- Effects of the coronavirus crisis that are of most personal concern
- Annual series and graphic representation (January to December)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (January, April, July, October) (the effects on health)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (January, April, July, October) (the effects on the economy and employment)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (January, April, July, October) (both equally)
- Crosses by ideology, voting memory and religion (January, April, July, October) (the effects on health)
- Crossings by ideology, voting memory and religion (January, April, July, October) (the effects on the economy and employment)
- Crossings by ideology, vote memory and religion (January, April, July, October) (both equally)
- Degree to which the pandemic is affecting the personal life of the interviewee
- Annual series and graphic representation (January to December)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment situation and habitat (January, April, July, October) (a lot)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (January, April, July, October) (quite a bit)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (January, April, July, October) (some)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (January, April, July, October) (none or almost nothing)
- Crosses by ideology, memory of vote and religion (January, April, July, October) (a lot)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (January, April, July, October) (quite a bit)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (January, April, July, October) (something)
- Crossings by ideology, vote memory and religion (January, April, July, October) (nothing or almost nothing)
- Aspects of the interviewee's personal life that the pandemic is affecting
- Annual series and graphic representation (January to December)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment situation and habitat (January, April, July, October) (distancing with loved ones)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment situation and habitat (January, April, July, October) (work and/or personal economy)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, work situation and habitat (January, April, July, October) (negative mood (anxiety, sadness...) Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, work situation and habitat ( January, April, July, October) (negative mood (anxiety, sadness...)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (January, April, July, October) (restrictions on freedom of movement)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment situation and habitat (January, April, July, October) (fear of contagion from yourself or from other people)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (January, April, July, October) (change in working conditions)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment situation and habitat (January, April, July, October) (isolation and confinement)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment situation and habitat (January, April, July, October) (changes in daily life)
- Crosses by ideology, memory of vote and religion (January, April, July, October) (distancing with loved ones)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (January, April, July, October) (work and/or personal economy)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (January, April, July, October) (negative mood (anxiety, sadness...)
- Crossings based on ideology, voting memory and religion (January, April, July, October) (restrictions on freedom of movement)
- Crossings by ideology, memory of vote and religion (January, April, July, October) (fear of contagion from yourself or from other people)
- Crossings by ideology, vote memory and religion (January, April, July, October) (change in working conditions)
- Crosses by ideology, memory of vote and religion (January, April, July, October) (isolation and confinement)
- Crosses ideology, memory of vote and religion (January, April, July, October) (changes in daily life)
- Degree to which the pandemic is affecting the social life of the interviewee
- Annual series and graphic representation (January to December)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment situation and habitat (January, April, July, October) (a lot)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (January, April, July, October) (quite a bit)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (January, April, July, October) (some)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (January, April, July, October) (none or almost nothing)
- Crosses by ideology, memory of vote and religion (January, April, July, October) (a lot)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (January, April, July, October) (quite a bit)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (January, April, July, October) (something)
- Crossings by ideology, vote memory and religion (January, April, July, October) (nothing or almost nothing)
- Aspects of the interviewee's social life that the pandemic is affecting
- Annual series and graphic representation (January to December)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (January, April, July, October) (distance from people)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment situation and habitat (January, April, July, October) (distance from friends)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment situation and habitat (January, April, July, October) (isolation, confinement, not being able to leave)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (January, April, July, October) (distance from family)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (January, April, July, October) (cessation or limitation of cultural, leisure and sports activities)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment situation and habitat (January, April, July, October) (absence of physical contact and loss of quality in relationships)
- Crossings by ideology, memory of vote and religion (January, April, July, October) (distance from people)
- Crossings by ideology, vote memory and religion (January, April, July, October) (distance from friends)
- Crosses by ideology, memory of vote and religion (January, April, July, October) (isolation, confinement, not being able to go out)
- Crossings by ideology, memory of vote and religion (January, April, July, October) (distance from family)
- Crossings by ideology, memory of vote and religion (January, April, July, October) (cessation or limitation of cultural, leisure and sports activities)
- Crossings by ideology, vote memory and religion (January, April, July, October) (absence of physical contact and loss of quality in relationships)
- Contact with health services because you think you have symptoms of COVID-19
- Medical service to which the person interviewed went for consultation due to COVID-19 symptoms
- Annual series and graphic representation (January to December)
- Crossovers by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (January, April, July, October) (primary care doctor)
- Crossovers by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (January, April, July, October) (primary care emergency service)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (January, April, July, October) (hospital emergency department)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment situation and habitat (January, April, July, October) (community emergency telephone number)
- Crossings by ideology, voting memory and religion (January, April, July, October) (primary care doctor)
- Crossings by ideology, vote memory and religion (January, April, July, October) (primary care emergency service)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (January, April, July, October) (hospital emergency service)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (January, April, July, October) (community emergency telephone number)
- Assessment of the health care received in the health services attended for symptoms of COVID-19
- Information received, testing and diagnosis for those who went to health services due to COVID-19 symptoms
- Carrying out the coronavirus test in the health services attended for symptoms of COVID-19
- Diagnosis of COVID-19 infection in the coronavirus test
- Contact with the health services of a cohabitant because they think they have symptoms of COVID-19
- Willingness to be vaccinated against COVID-19
- Predisposition to be vaccinated against COVID-19 of those who have not been vaccinated
- Willingness to be vaccinated immediately against COVID-19
- Willingness to get vaccinated against COVID-19 when your turn comes
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (April)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (April)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (July)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (July)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (October)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (October)
- Opinion on whether it is necessary to take more demanding control and isolation measures or whether we can continue as we are
- Opinion on the need for concrete measures to confront COVID
- Series and graphic representation (September to December)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (September, December)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (September, December)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (September, December)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (September, December)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (September, December)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (September, December)
- Personal measures adopted against COVID-19 apart from those adopted by the authorities
- Series and graphic representation (March to July)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (March)
- Crosses by ideology, memory of vote and religion (March)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (July)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (July)
- Government area where you would like measures to be taken to combat coronavirus disease (COVID-19)
- Series and graphic representation (January to December)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (January)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (January)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (July)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (July)
- Knowledge of the approval of the Euthanasia Regulation Law in the Congress of Deputies
- Degree of agreement-disagreement with euthanasia
- Responsibility of the State for the well-being of citizens
- Degree of usefulness of measures to reduce alcohol consumption among minors in Spain
- Frequencies and graphic representation (April)
- Crosses by sex, age, marital status and education (April)
- Crosses by sex, age, marital status and education (April)
- Crossings by employment situation, habitat and ideology (April)
- Crossings by employment situation, habitat and ideology (April)
- Crosses in remembrance of vote and religion (April)
- Crosses in remembrance of vote and religion (April)
- Perception of the existence of social inequalities in Spain
- Agreement on State intervention in economic life
- Rating scale (1-10) on the functioning of democracy in Spain currently/ten years ago/ten years from now
- Rating scale (1-10) on the functioning of democracy in Spain currently
- Rating scale (1-10) on the functioning of democracy in Spain ten years ago
- Positive/negative assessment of immigration to Spain
- Vacation plans of the person interviewed
- Vacation time planned by the person interviewed
- Assessment of the cessation of ETA violence for Spain
- Degree of concern about the increase in the price of electricity
- Approximate assessment of the increase in the monthly electricity bill in recent months
- Activities during the Christmas period
- Frequencies and graphic representation (December)
- Crosses by sex, age, marital status and education (December)
- Crosses by sex, age, marital status and education (December)
- Crossings by employment situation, habitat and ideology (December)
- Crossings by employment situation, habitat and ideology (December)
- Crosses in remembrance of vote and religion (December)
- Crosses in remembrance of vote and religion (December)
- Degree of satisfaction with the operation of different public services
- Frequencies and graphic representation
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (I)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (II)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (I)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (II)
- Tax functionality
- Assessment of public administration spending on different public services
- Frequencies and graphic representation
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (I)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (II)
- Crossings by sex, age, marital status, education, employment status and habitat (III)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (I)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (II)
- Crosses by ideology, vote memory and religion (III)
- Personal perception of the compensation received by the company for paying taxes and contributions to public administrations
- Assessment of the compensation received personally and family for the payment to public administrations of taxes and contributions
- Personal perception of the tax pressure on taxpayers in Spain
- Personal perception of the degree of tax fraud that exists in Spain
- Personal perception of justice in tax collection
